Designing an automated lawn mower

Designing an automated lawn mowerChapter 1 Introduction to the workBackground to the researchThe offshoot lawn mower was contrivance in 1827 and patented in 1830 by Edwin Beard Budding, an engineer from Stroud, Gloucestershire, England.He got this idea after seeing a machine in a textile industry, they utilise a cutting cylinder (or bladed reel) mounted on a bench to trim cloth to make a smooth finish after weaving. Budding realized that a similar concept would enable the cutting of grass if the mechanism could be mounted in a wheeled frame to make the blades rotate close to the lawns surface.First lawn mower was all made of cast iron and featured a too large rear roller with a cutting cylinder (reel) in the front. Cast iron gear wheels transmitted power from the rear roller to the cutting cylinder. These machines were unusually similar to modern mowers.By 2000, robotic be almost important things in the future, no matter if they are used to work in industry or at our homes, mi mic some of the human capabilities, or used to access dangerous environments, launched to space, or simply used to play with. They are help to cast down human dependencies in performing a task and to reduce time for production while keeping consistent quality of production railroad sidings. Robotic devices are commonly used in manufacturing industries and for domestic use as well.Modern houses normally garden with grass need to be maintained at a short tallness, is most user upset. Traditional lawn mowing is often a trouble, dangerous and time consuming in cutting the grass. The task of manual lawn mowing basis be replaced by self-regulating lawn mower using a robot programmed to perform such task. A automatic lawn mower is designed and installed in this project.Automatic Lawn mower also endure act as an aid to homeowners who can no longer perform physically demanding tasks, such as the of age(p) or handicapped. On the residential side, umpteen elderly and disabled enjoy la wn maintenance, but are no longer able to enjoy the satisfaction of maintaining their own lawn due to the physical demands of traditional lawn mowing equipment. These researches (automatic lawn mowers) are rattling elderly and disabled friendly with the simple. Automatic lawn mower also has the Perfect Balance Between Eco-friendly and Practicality.Robots are very expensive, not any citizenry really want to buy costly robotic devices. Create a low cost inexpensive automatic lawn mower will allow house owners to maintain their lawn without spending much time and m one(a)y. An autonomous robot can mow the lawn of a given specific cranial orbit of the garden without any human supervision. look problem / Research questionHowever with the continuous development, several resources also make the arbitrary abuse. Oil coal resources are depleting shortages of energy and serious pollution.In the 20th century, energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy reso urces to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage of oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources. An energy crisis may be referred to as an oil crisis, oil colour crisis, energy shortage, electricity shortage or electricity crisis.The near future, the petroleum crisis already is a very big problem. Globality by way of disburden, they would increase the petroleum price, and debase their expense. Still got another country, hit sb. when hes down increase the petroleum price, and gain profit. Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can develop due to industrial actions like union organized strikes and government embargoes. The arrest may be over-consumption, ageing infrastructure and sometimes bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities restrict terminate supply. That crisis involves the industry, business, carrying trade, until economic policy.In response to the petroleum crisis, the principles of spirt energy and sustainable living movements gain popularity. This has led to increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research such as fuel cell technology, liquid nitrogen economy, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel, solar energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, wave power, and wind energy, and fusion power.Rotary mowers can throw out detritus with tremendous force is one of the most dangerous tools around the home. Each year, approximately 80,000 great deal with injuries caused by power mowers were treated in emergency departments. much than 9,000 of the people hurt were younger than 18 years.Lawn mower injuries include deep cuts, loss of fingers and toes, broken and dislocated bones, burns, and eye and other injuries. Some injuries are very serious. Both users of mowers and those who are nearby can be hurt.More than 20 percent of lawn mower injuries involving the hands, fingers or wrist. Some time the users want to adjust the height of the mowers wheels, forget pull out the spark plug after th at the lawn mower suddenly turns on. When the user use lawn mower also need to make authentic all debris (rocks, sticks and toys) are removed from the yard before you begin mowing. Loose objects can project out of the lawn mower and cause serious injury.Aims and objectivesIn the course of design and installation of an autonomous robot, the prosecuteing criteria are set to fulfill its objectivesThe robot must cutting grass in the surface areaThe robot must not be too costly and be affordable to allThe lawn mower cutting tool can be adaptable with servo motorThe robot also can be rechargeable energy with solar planer.To provide an automated lawn mower which follows a programmed path of info point without the use of calibration marker, lights, wires, or buried conductorsTo provide an automated lawn mower that is versatile in programming such that it can be maneuvered to follow any physically possible path including crossing over itself and reversal of directionJustification for the researchOn the residential side, many elderly and disabled enjoy lawn maintenance, but are no longer able to enjoy the satisfaction of maintaining their own lawn due to the physical demands of traditional lawn mowing equipment. These researches (automatic lawn mowers) are very elderly and disabled friendly with the simple.MethodologyAutomated lawn mower, are mower automatically along the edge of a swath which has been cut within or around an area of uncut grass. That includes a sensor assembly mounted on the front of the mower to detect the edge of the swath by sensing the distinguishable in height between uncut grass and the cut grass in the swath. In front of the lawn mower, also got a one touch sensor, that operator it will be automatic avoid collision with obstacles along its pathway. Automated lawn mower also can adjustable the cutting tool close 1cm3cm, this feed is let the user choose which height with the grass. This mower using the solar planer to generate the power, a nd rechargeable lithium battery, let the mower moving more than time.ConclusionAutomatic grass cutters are environmentally friendly (no petrol, oil or emissions). No need bagging and disposal of clippings is eliminated. It also can well-grounded and beautiful looking lawn. In addition to environmental protection, also can save user time and money.Chapter 2 Literature reviewMost people do not associate air pollution with mowing the lawn. Yet emissions from lawn mowers, snow blowers, chain saws, leaf vacuums, and similar outdoor power equipment are a monumental source of pollution. Todays small engines emit high-pitched levels of carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas. They also emit hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, pollutants that contribute to the formation of ozone. While ozone occurs naturally in the upper atmosphere and shields the earth from harmful radiation, ozone at ground level is a noxious pollutant. Ground-level ozone impairs lung function, inhibits pl ant growth, and is a key ingredient of smog.Each weekend, about 54 million Americans mow their lawns, using 800 million gallons of gas per year and producing tons of air pollutants. Garden equipment engines, which have had unregulated emissions until very recently, emit high levels of carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides, producing up to 5% of the nations air pollution and a good deal more in metropolitan areas. correspond to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a traditional gas powered lawn mower produces as much air pollution as 43 peeled cars each is being driven 12,000 miles.Among various tokens of outdoor equipment, lawn mowers are an important contributor to community noise, with the blades contributing up to 50% of noise (Tauro Mann III, 1997). Lawn mowers can be just as loud as leaf blowers. According to the Canadian Hearing Society (1991), lawn mowers can emit 80-96 dB(A) when measured at a outdo of three feet.Like gas-powered lea f blowers, gas-powered lawn mowers emit air pollutants. As indicated in Table 4 below, these air pollutants include hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.These emissions submit less than 5% of the total emissions of these individual pollutants in Canada, except for hydrocarbons, which are nearly 14% of total hydrocarbon emissions (Environment Canada, 1994).Two-stroke lawn mowers tend to be more polluting than four-stroke models. For example, one study found that lawn mowers with two-stroke engines emit hydrocarbons at an average rate in excess of seven times the rate of emission from lawn mowers with four-stroke engines (Priest et al., 2000). Evaporative fuel emissions from lawn mowers are estimated to be 5.8 grams/day (Wong, 2001). Lawn mowers can be more polluting than parkway a car. One half-hour of lawn mowing with a typical walk-behind mower produces as much hydrocarbon emissions as driving a 1995 automobile for about 100 miles or 160 kilometre s (California Air Resources Board, 2000). A Swedish study found that the emissions produced from a lawn mower engine during one hour of operation were around 4000 g/h this is comparable to driving more than 150 km in a car with a tripartite catalytic converter (Christensen Westerholm, 2001).Both lawn mower users and bystanders can be exposed to noise and air pollutant emissions. Figures from Statistics Canada indicate that there were 5,850,000 lawn mowers in Canada in 1985, the majority of which were gas-powered (73.3%). there were comparatively fewer electric (23.9%) and push mowers (2.8%) (Environment Canada, 1994). Most lawn mowers that are available in the Canadian marketplace are trade (Maillette, 2001). According to information obtained from Statistics Canada, 126 walk-behind lawn mowers were imported into Canada during 1996-1999. Figures on domestic production of lawn mowers are not available from Industry Canada (Maillette, 2001).Automatic lawn mower (e.g., lawn mowers) c ontribute to noise and air pollution that can adversely affect human health and the environment, minimize noise, exhaust and evaporative emissions from lawn/garden equipment and protect public health.Chapter 3 Concept development and evaluationTiming blast clap driver are provides a convenient means for transferring power from one shaft to another. Belt are frequently necessary to reduce the high rotative speed of electric motors to the lower values required by mechanical equipment. But in this project are contrary, because the cutting tools need a kick the bucket speed to operate. Normally in industrial, are using two general type of belt driver, v-belt and timing belt (synchronous belt).Since the cost of v-belt is relatively low, the power output of a v-belt system may be increased by operating several belts side by side. All belts in the drive should stretch at the same time rate in order to keep the load equally divided among them. When one of the belts breaks, the entire gr oup must usually be replaced. The drive may be inclined at any angle with a tight side at either the top or bottom. Since belts can operate on relatively small city blocks, large reduction of the speed in a single drive are possible.EycUCTIUC4F1012MEFinal Year ProjNew folderScreenHunter_08 Feb. 12 22.14.gifEycUCTIUC4F1012MEFinal Year ProjNew folderScreenHunter_06 Feb. 12 21.53.gifPitch diameter of a pulley P = No teeth on pulley xDrop distance d =Belt tint angle = arc sin C = centre distanceBelt fall length fl =Contact length small pulley CL2 =Contact length big pulley CL1 =Belt length L = 2(fl) + CL1+ CL2Total number of teeth on belt =Big pulley, P1 = No teeth on pulley x= 38 x= 61.4465mmSmall pulley, P2 = No teeth on pulley x= 18 x= 29.1063mmDrop distance, d === 16.1701mmBelt march angle, = arc sin C = centre distance= arc sin= 7.87Belt fall length , fl == 116.9815mmContact length small pulley, CL2 === 41.7221mmContact length big pulley, CL1 == 61.4465= 104.9601mmBelt length , L = 2(fl) + CL1+ CL2= 2(116.9815mm) + 104.9601mm + 41.7221mm= 380.6452mmEycUCTIUC4F1012MEFinal Year ProjNew folderScreenHunter_04 Feb. 12 21.49.gifUsing micromagic system software determine the belt length.EycUCTIUC4F1012MEFinal Year ProjNew folderScreenHunter_05 Feb. 12 21.53.gifImperial XL particleht = 1.27mmp = 5.08mmhs = 2.30mmSpur gearEycUCTIUC4F1012MEFinal Year ProjNew folderScreenHunter_01 Feb. 15 11.03.gifSpur Gear Formula14 degreePressure Angle20 and 25 degreePressure angleAddendum, aa =a =Dedendum, bb =b =Pitch diameter, DD =D =Outside diameter, DoDo =Do =Number of teeth, NN = D x PN = D x PTooth thickness, tt =t =Whole depth, htht =ht =Clearance, cc =c =Center distance, CC =C =Working depth, hkhk =hk =Chordal tooth thickness, tctc = D sin ()tc = D sin ()Chordal addendum, acac = a +ac = a +Diametral pitch, PP =P =Center distance, CC =C =Ball and roller bearingsA ball bearing usually consists of four parts an inner ring, an outer ring, the balls and the cage or cartridg e remover. To increase the contact area and permit larger loads to be carried, the ball run in curvilinear grooves in the rings. The rundle of the groove is slightly larger than the radius of the ball, and very slight amount of radial play must be provided. The bearing it thus permitted to adjust itself to small amounts of angular misalignment in the assembled shaft and mounting. The separator keeps the balls evenly space and prevents them from touching each in the sides, where their relative velocities are the greatest.Ball bearings are made in a wide variety of type and size. Single row radial bearings are made in four series. Extra light, light, medium, and heavy, for each bore, as illustrated in Fig 1