The history of music essays

The history of music essays There are many preconceptions of what the history of music is. Some people think it is mainly a biography of composers lives, but they are wrong. The history of music is primarily the history of musical style. In order to appreciate this, it is essential to become acquainted with the different sounds and to hear them in their contexts. Fashions in history change with the generations, like fashions in musical tastes. We can speak or write many words about music but it is either successful or not by its ability to move us, stimulate us, or entertain. It can also enlarge our capacity for spiritual experience. It is hard for people of today to imagine how music sounded many centuries ago because instruments have changed dramatically over the years. Some modern performances claim to be H.I.P (Historically, informed performance) by using replicas of old instruments but we do not know if this is what it really sounded like because instruments were made differently using different tools. Today we use machines to make instruments. Music has always existed even when there was only primitive life. In some communities music first appeared in rituals. In religious rituals both voice and musical instruments were used and music was not written down but was passed on orally. The instruments were very limited and were easily made. As time went on music started to be written down on parchment and music instruments started becoming more complex. Composers started becoming famous in the Baroque period and composers in the Baroque period all wrote in the same style. In each period a composer started off a new type of music and other composers copied. The history of music is the history of music styles and there have been many styles through the centuries, for example in western music, there were many periods of different styles of music for example, the Classical, Baroque and Romantic period. ...

Reflective Management Journal Nursing Essay

Reflective Management Journal Nursing Essay Effective Management in Health Industry Nursing Essay Effective Management in Health Industry Nursing Essay The aim of this reflective management journal is to critically analyze the incident, which occurred in my clinical practice where I work as a senior nurse in a team of staff nurses. Using Gibb’s (1988) model, the emerged feelings, thoughts and corresponding themes connected with the incident will be identified, and finally, possible solutions will be generated. It is an undoubtable fact that emotions can demonstrate what a person really thinks and what attitudes he/she holds. Therefore, by utilizing the aforementioned reflective model, my intention is to become more self-aware and reflective. In addition, critical thinking is supposed to improve personal strengths and success and that of my followers. As Horton-Deutsch (2013) states, â€Å"it is important to be aware of one’s thinking in order to understand oneself, and to make informed and logical decisions when working with others. In turn, attending to the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of others facilitates prog ress toward achieving professional and organizational goals.† After generating possible solutions, the most appropriate one will be discussed and selected. Considering a conflict as an opportunity to discover new sides of personalities and foster change for the better, it will be wise to reveal my particular goal, which is to improve communication and enhance collaboration between all the team members as well as promote their personal and professional growth. REFLECTIVE MANAGEMENT JOURNAL Consequently, reflective judgment and elaborated analysis of the conflict will establish constructive relationships among all the participants. Moreover, the conflicts constantly arise in the working process; they result from various types of contradictions that ultimately lead to the corresponding change and evolvement. The task of an efficient leader is to productively manage any type of conflict and turn it into a constructive experience and motivator of progress due to the reflective practice. In this study, by utilizing Covey’s (1990) theory, an attempt to solve an interpersonal issue that occurred in the respective team of nurses will be made. Moreover, the negative experience will be turned into a development means of both the followers and me personally. Journal of the incident (15 May, 2015) To start the management journal, it is reasonable to state the factual information concerning the incident, which happened at the workplace and which presents a specific interest as it is related to my goal to improve the teamwork. Further, the thoughts and feelings provoked by the conflict will be reflected; this stage corresponds to Description, Feelings, Evaluation, and Analysis phases in Gibb’s reflective model (Gibbs 1988). The incident happened between a middle-aged experienced nurse (she is one of the staff nurses, though not a senior one) and a young nurse who had just started her practice. The older woman provoked a conflict and expressed her irritation at the younger one in a rude manner. Moreover, she shouted at the young colleague in front of the patients and other workers who were present in the department. When the crying nurse informed about the incident, it raised a range of strong emotions. It is necessary to state that first I felt annoyed, desperate and even furious. Furthermore, I had fear because despite the fact that I was a senior worker in the team, this nurse was older and more experienced. Consequently, this difference in age produced additional complications. First I decided that it was better not to initiate any conversation with her, since it was her usual behavior and the staff seemed to accept her as she was. Analysis of Journal Continuing analysis, the following themes may be distinguished: issues in the interpersonal relationships within the team, bullying the young personnel, negative emotions and stress at the workplace, and heightened level of anxiety in young nurses due to unhelpful behaviors of their seniors. Moreover, I noticed the problem in this experienced nurse’s motivation: regardless of her age, she was a staff nurse without any senior responsibilities. The next step was to discuss the emerged situation with witnesses, both medical workers and patients. In such a way, it was possible to gather enough data in order to create a vivid picture of what had occurred. After analyzing all the circumstances, the conclusion was made that it was vital to engage in problem-solving with the nurse who demonstrated unhelpful behavior. It was important to determine and identify the specific problem (or problems) together as well as generate its possible solutions and choose the most appropriate one. It seemed that it was the most constructive way of dealing with the conflict. Reflection and Linking to Theory To make a reasonable and evidence-based decision, I collected relevant information first via observations, reports presented by others in the clinical unit, and communicating with the nurse herself. Having obtained the objective judgment, I noted all the circumstances and made an attempt to create a vivid and true picture of the emerged situation. From the personal observations, combined with reasonable arguments, logical inferences and conclusions, it was possible to get sufficient evidence for the further decision-making process. Thus, it appeared that this nurse’s disruptive behavior was noticed repeatedly in her practice. Moreover, her unhelpful behaviors were directed not only at the younger nurses but also at the patients. Consequently, this issue raised the severity in the clinical environment. It is also reflected in the research as a looming problem of practice settings in regard to the concepts of nurses â€Å"eating their young† (Hamric et al 2014) or â€Å" incivility† in nursing (Clark Olender 2011). Taking into account Covey’s (1990) imperative to â€Å"be proactive†, my decision was not to ignore the unpleasant situation, but to deal with thoroughly and productively with the problem. In order to act promptly and produce an anticipated reaction to a stimulus seems ineffective and simplistic. According to the typical behavioristic formula â€Å"Stimulus – Reaction† (described by famous psychologists like Thorndike and Skinner), the mode of behavior is neither productive in the human relationships and performance nor in all humans (Hjelle Ziegler 1992). As Frankl (2006) described in his famous book, a person in any circumstances has still the choice to rise over them and choose own reaction and attitude. Then, having made a decision, one becomes responsible for his choice and life in general. Moreover, neither external circumstances, nor subconscious instincts and any other mechanisms are able to determine his behaviors and thoughts. It is important to become conscious and self-aware as well as to choose one’s own way (Frankl 2006). To be a proactive person, I decided that the solution of this issue was within my circle of influence (Covey 1990). I felt my responsibility for the outcome of this conflict, since it happened within my team. Therefore, simple reactive behavior was not appropriate and contradicted my values connected with the features of an effective leader. I agree with Covey (2006) that the eternal values and principles must be of the first priority, such as â€Å"trust, fairness, service, courage, humility, integrity, human dignity, contribution, growth and empowerment† (Covey 2006, cited in Govier Nash 2009, p. 24). It was decided to act in accordance with the afore-mentioned values. Moreover, I decided to make them apparent to the nurse so that she could acquire these values in her own attitudes, behaviors, and interpersonal relationships. Regardless of the grave nature of the incident and my ardent initial emotional reaction, I managed to control and avoid the feelings so that they do not prevent constructive solution to the conflict. Taking Covey’s (1990) Habit 2 â€Å"End in mind† as a guide while taking a decision how to deal with the nurse, I had a clear target, which was to achieve positive outcomes for all the participants and the whole organization. In other words, it was urgent to promote personal development, transformation, and maturation of the nurse as well as ultimately improve the efficiency of the whole team. To use conflict as a means of development is another important idea revealed in the respective research (Govier Nash 2009). In this regard, it was impossible to suppress any emotions. Being determined to become a transformational leader (the concept of transformational leadership will be discussed later in the paper), I must learn to deal with any type of complexities, evolve stronge r and more accomplished from adversities, as well as inspire my followers to accept negative incidents as opportunities to grow (Bass Steidlmeier 1999; Oliver 2006; Givens 2008; Brown Mitchell 2009; Frankel 2009; Hamric et al. 2014). In this concern, I made a decision to utilize the ideas of the strength-based approach in order to engage the nurse in a more productive and solution-oriented dialogue (Gallagher 2007). Moreover, the position of mutual respect and endeavoring to make a person feel comfortable while communicating with me are in compliance with my personal philosophy of interpersonal relationships. Therefore, in order achieve the goal of engaging the nurse into the discussion and make her feel safe, open, and ready to solve the general issue for the common positive outcomes, I started from expressing some neutral observations. Applying the so-called â€Å"Neutral Zone† at the beginning of any dialogue allows one â€Å"to remove the threat stimulus†, and â€Å"an innate survival instinct† of an individual does not switch on and does not induce him/her get defensive (Gallagher 2007). Consequently, in order to solve the raised conflict between the nurses, I decided to analyze the situation with objectivity and justice as well as listen to the both parties carefully. It is considered that such leadership style promotes justice and equality in the work setting and is close to the notion of â€Å"action learning, which is about reflection and experiential learning. It is a balance of support and challenge.† (Govier Nash 2009, p. 23). During the process of decision-making, I also tried to account for the peculiarities of her personality. As Covey (1990) states, within the personal Production Capability paradigm, it is necessary to enhance all the four personality domains: physical, mental, social / emotional, and spiritual. Discussing various sides of her life, I aimed at realizing her motives, attitudes, feelings, and values; her general set of beliefs and meanings that influence her choices in everyday performance and interactions. While following such a plan, I considered the 5th habit by Covey (1990) and tried to listen attentively to the nurse’s arguments as well as demonstrate empathy. In other words, my approach in communication with her was first to understand and then seek to be understood (Covey 1990). It frequently occurs that angry behaviors and reactions do not necessarily result from the associated conflicting type of the personality. Within the framework of emotional intelligence, it is vital to become aware of own thinking processes and feelings. McQueen (2003) states that emotional intelligence, which includes interpersonal and intrapersonal skills or the skills of social analysis are part of the nursing work. On the one hand, the nurses must be able to interpret and understand feelings, motives, and concerns of the patients. Additionally, McQueen (2003) asserts that negotiating skills, high performance in human interactions and relationships are required for excellent teamwork of the nurs es. Therefore, we discussed different aspects of her life and her relationships with the family members. I consider that my initial approach of focusing on strengths (Gallagher 2007) allowed me to create a positive cooperative attitude of the nurse. She was ready to share her troubles with me because she realized that our common goal was to assist her in the difficulties she faced. In turn, analyzing her reports, I realized that the nurse had considerable problems with her interpersonal communication and decided to make a plan for her improvement in this sphere. The necessity to enhance her both interpersonal and emotional intelligence (McQueen 2003) was evident. Thus, in various spheres of communication (except for colleagues, also family and friends) she demonstrated emotional immaturity, incapacity to control her initial inadequate reactions, lack of the ability to understand and co-operate with people. In addition, a low level of intrapersonal intelligence did not allow her to recognize and judge own feelings, be aware of her own self. As McQueen states, â€Å"an accurate picture of one’s self . . . [is necessary] to operate successfully in life† (p. 102). Finally, I was able to arrive at such conclusions on the basis of the objective observations, her reports and those presented by other people in the clinical unit. Consequently, it was possible to make reasonable decision grounded on the substantial evidence. Finally, we tried to create a mutually beneficial solution to the problematic situation, bearing in mind Covey’s (1990) win-win dimension. The nurse agreed that behaving polite and civil with others, she can gain positive personal outcomes. First, she will attain respect from the team members. Moreover, it will bring positive emotions at the workplace and promote the feeling of job satisfaction. In addition, she will be able to get the opportunities for her professional realization by teaching younger nurses and mentoring them. In particular, it is hard to overstate the role of mentorship for the young personnel. Many researchers stated its importance in their studies (Oliver 2006; Frankel 2009; Clark Olender 2011; O’Grady 2011; Hamric et al. 2014; Linette Sherman 2014). Consequently, we included the development of the mentoring characteristic of the APN leadership competency into our common plan. Specifically, these elements included shared vision, serving as a mentor, willingness to share the power, empowering self and others, and self-reflection (Hamric et al. 2014, p. 278). The final unit of the plan comprised two more objectives, namely time and stress management. The respective reason was that the nurse acknowledged that she often felt annoyed and desperate due to the enormous workloads combined with insufficient time for its completion. From my side, job satisfaction of my followers is my major purpose since it can promote their effective performance at work. The current research has shown the interrelation of high performance, job satisfaction of subordinates and ethical, transformational leadership style (Bass Steidlmeier 1999; Brown Mitchell 2010). In order to achieve a shared goal, a good leader must be able to â€Å"to explore personal and team motives/beliefs in accomplishing a change or perceived vision of successâ€Å"(Oliver 2006, p. 39). Having chosen the leadership concepts and styles mentioned above as a guide in my professional evolvement, my principal target is to support reflection in my followers, inspire confidence in them, and their desire to become more professionally accomplished. In such a way, as a senior nurse, I will be able to achieve high outcomes for our clinical unit. The current research has defined the concept of leadership as a â€Å"multifaceted process of identifying a goal or target, motivating other people to act, and providing support and motivation to achieve mutually negotiated goals† (Porter-O’Grady 2003, cited in Frankel 2009). In fact, scientists in leadership domain present a large number of theories, including: great man, trait, contingency, engaging, transactional and transformational leadership theories (Bass Steidlmeier 1999; Govier Nash 2009). In accordance with my inclinations and principles, transformational (which is also inspirational and ethical) framework seems to be the most appropriate foundation for creating my own authentic leadership style. Considering its four key components, being idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration (Bass Steidlmeier 1999), transformational style grounds have a great impact on the leader’s ability to motiva te the follower to accomplish more than what he planned to accomplish. Charismatic transformational leader achieves high personal and organizational outcomes because he/she succeeds in making the followers’ and the organization’s values become congruent (Givens 2008). The most important concept of the transformational leadership deals with the morality and ethical beliefs ruling leader’s behavior (Brown Mitchell 2010). Bass Steidlmeier (1999) assert that only a leader with morally uplifting values can be considered transforming and influence his/her followers’ high standards of moral ideals. Brown Mitchell (2010) add that people are likely to conform to the ethical values of their leaders and follow his/her role models. Moreover, ethical leaders are perceived as approachable as well as ready to deal with the individuals’ problems and concerns. Moreover, the followers tend to reciprocate with beneficial work behavior when they feel beneficial attitude of their leader (Brown Mitchel 2010). I consider that completely supporting the view of the ethical transformational leader, it is critical to navigate through the conflicts and adversities with absolute norms and principles in mind, which are called â€Å"a compass† by Covey (2009) (cited in Govier Nash 2009). The only directing force that controls one’s decisions, attitudes at work and any interpersonal relationships must be morality and justice. Finally, to be able to navigate the change in a dynamic world, a nurse has to be ready to constantly transform and be open to the new experience. Moreover, these qualities enable one’s creativity and innovation in the organizations. Combining personal integrity and eternal values as well as distinct and unambiguous understanding of the health care system standards, it is possible to lead constructive change in the health care environment. Finally, the capacity for innovation is perhaps the most vital in today’s changing world. As stated in the report by the Institute of Medicine, â€Å"Creating innovative care models in the patient’s setting and throughout the healthcare community is an essential requisite of contemporary practice.† (O’Grady, 2011, p. 35) In case with this unhelpful nurse, prone to conflict with patients and younger colleagues, one of the ways to deal with her disruptive behavior was just to apply some type of disciplinary punishment. However, I consider that such motivation is ineffective as well as causes additional stress and negative factors in practice. In addition, it is my task to mitigate stress of the staff nurses at the clinical setting because a true leader should â€Å"role model professionalism and utilize effective communication skills† (Clark Olender 2011, p. 325). Extrinsic motivation, which is more the characteristic of transactional leadership, cannot fully involve the individual and force him/her to develop, improve, and achieve the higher goals. Amabile (1997) asserts that motivation can be of two cardinally different types, namely intrinsic and extrinsic. The first one is more efficient since it implies a person’s â€Å"deep interest and involvement in the work†, as well as à ¢â‚¬Å"curiosity, enjoyment, or a personal sense of challenge† (Amabile 1997, p. 44). In contrast, extrinsic motivation is associated with the goals, which are not connected with the work itself, for example, achieving reward or avoiding a punishment. It is clear that only task intrinsic motivation and precise goal-setting can inspire a person to grow. For this reason, I have chosen these concepts in my own performance as a leader. In particular, together with my nurse, we created a concrete plan how to achieve better results for her personal good and more effective communication with the team members. According to Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive theory (Hjelle Ziegler 1992), goal-setting is valuable due to its ability to promote self-efficacy and resilience at the workplace. Distinct goals help envision the picture of a desired result and identify the next actions. On the contrary, the absence of distinguished aims makes a person spend all energy in his attempts to focus the attention. Therefore, goal-setting can increase motivation, concentrate attention a nd efforts by creating the images of desired proficiency outcomes in the mind of a person. Consequently, one spends all energy and efforts only on fulfilling the exact plan, which consists of the set goals. To summarize, I utilized the reflective management journal for the development of my reflection and critical thinking skills. Reflective models used in the health care research, following Gibb’s (1988) model, present a helpful set to manage complexities at the clinical practice since they promote understanding and unbiased perception of the problem’s components. It appeared that Covey’s theory is effective in producing the most appropriate decisions and productive solutions. In my practice, I aim at acquiring all the essential characteristics of an authentic transformational leader, with the goals of bringing success to my organization, team, and its every member. My values and principles are in accordance with the absolute moral foundations, the most important value being a human, his personal well-being and multi-faceted development.

Discuss the Servqual and Gap Analysis concepts and demonstrate how it Essay

Discuss the Servqual and Gap Analysis concepts and demonstrate how it can be applied in hospitality operations - Essay Example It is based on the pre-purchase expectations of an individual and the quality perceptions after purchase. The customer satisfaction differs with quality of service through psychological factors which play a vital role in an individual’s personal experience. Customer satisfaction is premised on the outcome or the process undertaken and thus defining customer satisfaction as the attributes of an end-state originating from consumption of experience base on perception, evaluation and psychological factors. The hospitality industry focuses on customer satisfaction as the main concern for producing service to its customers. Potential customers are lured to the hospitality sector for a number of reasons not limited to satisfaction, enjoyment, sense of achievement and self- esteem benefits that can be sought from this industry. Robinson (2009, p.21) discusses the benefits of leisure that provide customers with intellectual challenge, involvement and enjoyment, intellectual stimulation due to education, relief of stress through social benefits, relaxation and other aesthetic benefits. This factors link customer needs and satisfaction and motivation which is variable from individual to individual and thus obligating the customer oriented marketing to consider customer needs and be flexible to changes in internal processes to suit them. Satisfaction brings new customers through a positive word of mouth recommendations from existing customers. Secondly, it results into a stable source of income through maintaining customer loyalty through repetitive quality service delivery in the industry. Lack or inadequate customer satisfaction leads to additional expenses through handling customer complaints with an end result of wasting productive hours and ruining the reputation of a firm. There are a number of factors that affect customer satisfaction. However, the aspects of this paper aims at pre-purchase expectations that affect the overall

Office Art Memo. Memorandum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Office Art Memo. Memorandum - Essay Example Through the discussion in the memo, the CEO and the Vice President have been given the overview of why these pieces have been chosen and what they represent both to the history of art and to the corporate image. Acme Garden Supplies Memo To: Crispin Maverick, CEO From: (your name) CC: Blu Callahan Vice President Date: 5/31/15 Re: Office Art I want to begin by thanking you for this opportunity to curate the art that you want to use in your office space. After considering the possible choices, I have picked one piece of art to be the centerpiece of the works you will display in the outer office area that will serve as the focal point from which all the other pieces will be put into balance. The work I have chosen is that of George Seurat, Sunday Afternoon on the Island of the Grand-Jatte (1884-1886) (Figure 1). I believe that this post-impressionism work will have the elegance that the space needs to convey a message of both beauty and color. The piece has a dignity and an understated casual nature as there is the scene of the afternoon in which 19th century formalism is combined with the relaxed pose of the characters. The colors pick up the blue of the office decor, while introducing warm tones to complement and enhance the decor. As one looks at the Seurat, the pointillism with which it was created is subtle, and yet engaging. The painstaking detail of applying paint in small dots in order to create the impression of life creates a number of references to our business that can be further explored in the other pieces that are chosen. The pointillism, the gathering of the many people in the piece, and the natural environment of the setting all suggest a blanket of flowers, reflecting the nature of the company. The two pieces that will hang side by side behind the chairs to the left of the wall in which the Seurat will hang are Vincent van Gogh’s post-impressionism work Sunflowers (1888) (See Figure 2) and his work Flowers in Blue Vase (1887) (See Figure 3 ). The Seurat will be large scale, filling the space above the chairs, with the two Van Gogh’s scaled down to equal the same width with a generous space between them, but a reduction in the height so that they will be centered to compliment the Seurat. We will work with our supplier to get exact measurements in order to be cost efficient, but still meet the needs of the design of the space. In the offices of Crispin Maverick and Blu Callahan will be impressionist pieces that will complement the works in the outer office. The first piece that will be in Mr. Maverick’s office will be Gustave Caillebotte’s Jour de Pluie a Paris (1877) (See Figure 4). This piece will offer a sense of stateliness to the office, while also conveying a sense of protection as the umbrellas within the piece cover the people, keeping the rain from their clothes. As he is the CEO of the company, his position should be one that has the appearance of control and oversight. This piece will ha ve a large scale and hang to the left of his desk on a wall of deep burgundy over the black leather sofa that is already in the larger office space. In the office of Blu Callahan will hang two pieces of smaller scale, but that complement the scale of the Caillebotte that hangs in Mr. Maverick’

A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

A Christmas Carol Essay His room has undergone a transformation which is symbolic of Scrooges attitude changing dramatically towards goodness. Dickens uses colour to explore the detail in the room. The walls and ceiling were so hung with living green, that it looked a perfect grove; from every part of which, bright gleaming berries glistened. The crisp leaves of holly, mistletoe and ivy reflected back the light. This also resembles the goodness of Christmas as Christmas items are commented upon. On the floor then appears a kind of throne, there were turkeys, geese, game, poultry, brawn, great joints of meat. This represents richness and also creates setting. The description of the ghost reinforces the goodness of his character: free as its genial face, its sparkling eye, its open hand, its cheery voice. This is what Scrooge should become. As Scrooge speaks to the spirit he realises how he is changing his attitude towards goodness. I learnt a lesson which is working now. To-night, if you have aught to teach me, let me profit by it. Dickens uses the senses to make the description rich which is in contrast to the poverty we next visit. that peoples mouths might water gratis as they passed; there were piles of filberts, mossy and brown, re-calling, in their fragrance. innumerable people, carrying their dinners to the bakers shop. The sight of the poor revellers appeared to interest the spirit very much. In this stave the weather is in direct contrast to the stave before. Dickens makes such rich contrast in the setting to address the theme of goodness and also to create the mood of what is to come. In this stave the weather has changed as it is an urban setting and murky and grim. The sky was gloomy, and the shortest streets were choked up with a dingy mist. Whereas in the stave before the weather was bright with clear skies and a rural setting. The darkness and the mist had vanished with it, for it was a clear, cold, wintry day with snow upon the ground. Dickens does not limit harshness to the urban setting. they stood upon a bleak and desert moor, where monstrous masses of rude stone were cast about. This resembles the background to the poverty Scrooge sees. Dickens also uses personification again to create character instead of setting. Fat chestnuts are like fat men and onions are like Spanish friars, providing a cheerful background to the bustle of Christmas. In Stave four we meet the last of the spirits, the spirit of the future. It is evident that Scrooges attitude towards goodness is changing as Scrooge waits for the spirit to show guidance to make him a better person. But as I know your purpose is to do me good, and as I hope to live to be another man from what I was, I am prepared to bear you company, and do it with a thankful heart. Will you not speak to me? The spirit then takes them both to a dark urban setting to explore Scrooges future. They scarcely seemed to enter the city; for the city rather seemed to spring up about them. We then hear Scrooges business associates talking. They are described as ugly and unpleasant characters which resemble what Scrooge was like. No, said a great fat man with the monstrous chin. As Scrooge hears the business men talk about his death he realises how no one cares about his death and becomes hurt. This pleasantry was received with a general laugh. Its likely to be a very cheap funeral. Scrooge demands to be taken to where someone cares. The spirit then takes them to the Crachits household where the family are unusually quiet as they grieve over the unexpected death of Tiny Tim, and not Scrooge. Quiet. Very quiet. The noisy little Crachits were still as statues in one corner. Ah, poor Tiny Tim! Scrooge feels guilty about his death and feels sympathetic. The spirit finally takes Scrooge to a dark graveyard and his gravestone which reinforces what Scrooge will become if he does not change. There he breaks down into complete grief and says how he has learnt his lesson and he is a changed man and how he knows how his responsibility to society has a great importance. I will honour Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all the year. I will live in the Past, Present and Future. The spirits of all three shall strive within me. I will not shut out the lesson that they teach. This is similar to J. B. Priestleys An Inspector Calls as the theme that runs throughout the play is Responsibility to Society. Interestingly it also resembles the play in the way time is changed The final Stave contrasts sharply with the first Stave as both Character and Setting have dramatically changed. The setting in the first stave was cold and bleak but here there is No fog, no mist, clear, bright, jovial, stirring cold; cold piping for the blood to dance to; Golden sunlight; Heavenly sky. This is symbolic of Scrooges character as he has dramatically changed from the start when he was a tight and mean man. Throughout the novel Scrooge has changed his attitude and developed goodness. He has learnt a lesson from the three spirits, each changing him bit by bit. It is evident as in each Stave he slightly changes his attitude. This is also reflected in the setting as each Stave explores the theme of goodness.

Americans without Health Insurance Essay -- Medical Insuance Health

The Uninsured States of America Nearly 48 million Americans had no health care coverage in 2005, and the number will continue to grow if this country does not enact new policies to defuse this crisis (Families USA 2). Families USA, a nonprofit and nonpartisan organization that advocates for public health contracted with Dr. Kenneth Thorpe, Professor and Chair of the Department of Health Policy and Management at Emory University, to analyze data from the U.S. Census Bureau and other national databases to study the fiscal impact on this country of so many uninsured people. This study, released in June 2005, found that the overwhelming majority of uninsured people are workers in low-wage jobs (Families 10). With the advent of national welfare reform in 1996, millions of people entered the low-wage workforce and lost their Medicaid eligibility. According to Judith Feder, Dean of Policy Studies at Georgetown University, â€Å"Since most people leaving welfare find themselves in low-paying jobs without coverage, loss of public coverage leaves them without health coverage altogether† (Feder 29). Moreover, many corporations, pressured by global competition to hold down labor costs, are increasingly asking their employees to share a greater portion of the escalating cost of health insurance premiums, if employers offer benefits at all. In fact, a study by the Commonwealth Fund reports that more than one-quarter of workers in companies with over 500 employees do not receive employer-based coverage, and that one in every three full-time workers with incomes below $35,000 is uninsured (Commonwealth 1). Low-wage workers are therefore caught in an untenable situation. They do not qualify for Medicaid and cannot afford to buy hea... ..."The State of Health Care." The Heritage Foundation. 21 January 2004. The Heritage Foundation. 13 Mar. 2006 . "Paying a Premium." Families USA. 1 June 2005. Families USA. 20 Mar. 2006 Rowland, Diane. Committe on Ways and Means. 9 March 2004. House Committee on Ways and Means. 13 Mar. 2006 . "The Uninsured: A Primer." Kaiser Family Foundation. 1 January 2006. Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. 20 Mar. 2006 . Wilson, Katherine. "Snapshot: Health Care Costs 101, 2005 Edition." CHCF. June 2005. California Health Care Foundation. 13 Mar. 2006 .

Microalbumin Creatinine Ratio And Diabetes Health And Social Care Essay

Microalbuminuria ( MA ) is one of the first indexs of kidney harm in diabetics. MA is considered to be a hazard factor for kidney disease, hence, it is recommended by the ADA that type 2 diabetics are screened for MA at diagnosing and yearly. This is so that diabetic kidney harm can be treated every bit shortly as microalbuminuria manifests, detaining patterned advance of kidney disease. Microalbuminuria occurs infinitesimal measures of albumin enter into the piss from the kidneys. Such bantam sums of urine protein normally can non be detected by conventional urine dipstick methods. Highly specific and sensitiveness immunochemical assaies are utilised to observe microalbumin. MA is defined by the ADA as elimination of 30-300 milligram of urinary albumen /24 hours or elimination of 30 to 300 mg/L of urinary albumen in a random or topographic point urine sample. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio is frequently times measured alternatively of urinary albumen entirely, because ciphering the ratio corrects for the day-to-day fluctuations in protein elimination by the kidneys. Creatinine is excreted by the kidneys at a changeless rate and when compared to urine albumen as a ratio, it is a more dependable step of kidney map. Normoalbuminuria ( NA ) is defined as & A ; lt ; 30 ug/mg in a random urine sample. Microalbuminuria ( MA ) is defined as 30-300 ug/mg and Macroalbuminuria or open albuminuria ( OA ) is defined as & A ; gt ; 300 ug/mg in a random urine sample. Recent surveies have indicated that there might be a nexus between cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and microalbuminuria diabetes and in non-diabetics. The intent of this reappraisal is to happen out what is the grounds of an association between increased urine microalbumin and hazard of developing cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic grownups. Methods The database utilized to supply the original and secondary literature research was Ovid MEDLINE ( R ) 1996 to 2nd hebdomad of October 2010. Evidence-based literature databases provided by the Cochrane Library were besides searched. These included The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( Cochrane Reviews ) , The Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects ( Other Reviews ) and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials ( Clinical Trials ) . Cardinal footings were mapped to medical capable headers ( MESH ) before carry oning an Ovid hunt. Boolean AND was used to unite the cardinal PICO constituents of the research inquiry to contract hunt. Table 1 below shows a list of MESH footings utilized in the hunt. Cardiovascular diseases Urine microalbumin Type 2 diabetes Hazard Adults Cardiovascular Abnormalities Cardiovascular Infections Heart Diseases Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular Vascular Diseases Albuminurias Albuminurias Diabetic Kidney diseases Microalbuminuria Diabetess mellitus, type 2 Type ii diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Diabetess Mellitus, Slow Onset Hazard Hazard appraisal Hazard factor AdultsTable 1There were 122 articles retrieved, 16 commendations were considered relevant to the research inquiry. Figure 1 below shows the hunt scheme used to recover relevant commendations. Database: Ovid MEDLINE ( R ) & A ; lt ; 1996 to October Week 2 2010 & A ; gt ; Search Scheme:— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —1 Cardiovascular Diseases/ur [ Urine ] ( 132 ) 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ and Albuminuria/ and Creatinine/ and Biological Markers/ ( 60 ) 3 Risk/ ( 28311 ) 4 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ and Adult/ ( 14744 ) 5 1 and 2 ( 1 ) 5 1 and 2 ( 1 ) 6 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ and Adult/ ( 14744 ) 7 Cardiovascular Diseases/ur [ Urine ] ( 132 ) 8 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ and Albuminuria/ and Cardiovascular Diseases/ ( 194 ) 9 Risk/ or Risk Factors/ ( 353907 ) 10 8 and 9 ( 122 )Figure 1Seven commendations retrieved were original surveies and after application of inclusion/exclusion standards, five surveies were chosen for the literature reappraisal. Table 2 below shows inclusion/exclusion standards applied.Choice standardsInclusion Criteria*Exclusion Criteria*PopulationAdults with diabetes mellitus, type 2 Adults without diabetes mellitus, type 2InterventionsMeasure urine micro albumen and creatinine ratio, ( albuminuria, proteinuria ) No measuring of urine microalbumin and creatinine ratio.ResultExamine consequences for positive correlativity between urine microalbumin and creatinine ratio and cardiovascular hazard factors Lack of comparison/correlation of UACR values with cardiovascular hazard factors.Study DesignProspective cohort surveies with comparing to gold standard trial. Prospective cohort missing a gilded criterion or cross-sectional or retrospective survey Case series/reports, non-systematic reappraisals, Journal reappraisalsTable 2Other relevant commendations were retrieved by manus seeking mentions of primary and secondary beginnings. These are included in the mention subdivision of the reappraisal.Literature reappraisalMicroalbuminuria as a cardiovascular hazard factor in type 2 diabetic patients After finishing the literature hunt, five surveies clearly established a strong association between the presence of microalbuminuria and increased hazard of cardiovascular events. Four of the surveies were similar in that they were prospective cohort surveies look intoing the [ possible nexus between increased urinary elimination of albumen and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetics. Prospective cohort surveies provided the strongest grounds for forecast surveies. The research workers used multivariate statistics to command confusing variables such as age, sex, entire and HDL cholesterin. The surveies likewise showed on norm a two to three fold addition in cardiovascular end points in diabetics with microalbuminuria than those without it. These two surveies besides showed that microalbuminuria, more specifically urinary albumen -to- creatinine ratio ( UACR ) , gross albuminuria and decreased eGFR were independent hazard factors for cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetics. In t he Action in Diabetes and Vascular disease: preterAx and diamicroN-MR Controlled Evaluation ( ADVANCE ) survey, Ninomiya et Al. ( 2009 ) investigated the effects of urinary albumen -to- creatinine ratio ( UACR ) and eGFR on cardiovascular and nephritic events in 10,640 patients. Patients were followed for about four old ages. After accommodations for other hazard factors utilizing multivariate statistical analysis, the survey research workers concluded that patients with baseline albuminuria ; UACR & A ; gt ; 300 mg/g and eGFR & A ; lt ; 60 ml/min per 1.73 M2, had 3 times greater hazard of cardiovascular events and 22 times greater hazard for nephritic events than with patients without these hazard factors. Validity was high in this survey because the sample size was sufficiently big plenty to acquire precise estimations of the effects of proteinuria, and at that place was statistical control for other variables set uping high proteinurias and low eGFR are independent hazard factors for cardiovascular and nephritic events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Similarly, Valmadrid et Al. ( 2000 ) established that microalbuminuria and gross albuminurias were independent hazard factors for developing cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetics. A prospective cohort survey of 840 people with diabetes mellitus type 2, established a 1.8-fold increased hazard for cardiovascular decease and a 2-fold increased hazard for CHD mortality in this population than other type 2 diabetics with normoalbuminuria. In this survey, patients were followed for 12 old ages. Persons with normoalbuminuria were compared with those with microalbuminuria and gross albuminuria for hazard of cardiovascular mortality. The comparative hazard RR for CVD was 1.84 ( 95 % [ CI ] , 1.42-2.40 ) for those with microalbuminuria and 2.61 ( 95 % CI, 1.99-3.43 ) for those with gross albuminurias. In another prospective cohort survey by Gimeno et Al. ( 2006 ) , 436 type 2 diabetic patients with a average age of about 65 old ages were followed for approximately 7 and a half old ages until a cardiovascular event occurred. Study topics did non hold albuminurias, and were classified into four groups: based on prevalent or non-prevalent CVD and normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria.The control group had normoalbuminuria and no CVD. Researchers in this survey found out that the hazard of microalbuminuric patients without open CVD was similar to the hazard of normoalbuminuric patients with open CVD. In cross-sectional analysis by Savage et Al. ( 1996 ) conducted in the Denver country increased urinary protein was associated with an increased prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. A 2004 Double blind, randomized test by de Zeeuw et Al. ( 2004 ) showed that cut downing proteinurias in the first 6 months appears to afford cardiovascular protection in type 2 diabetic patients. Losartan, an angiotonin II adversary was used dainty proteinurias in these patients and was compared to placebo. Patients with low-level proteinurias were compared to patients with high degrees of proteinuria. Upon posthoc analysis, there was a 1.92-fold ( 95 % CI, 1.54 to 2.38 ) hazard for CVD and a 2.70-fold ( 95 % CI, 1.94 to 3.75 ) higher hazard for bosom failure compared to patients with low proteinurias Other Studies and related reappraisals Several surveies including hypertensive patients, diabetics and non-diabetes showed association of microalbuminuria and CVD. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) analyzed informations for 14,586 grownups in the US after a 13year follow-up period from 1988-2000. Low eGFR and high UACR independently predicted cardiovascular and general mortality.Discussion/summaryThe literature reappraisal shows that there is an association between microalbuminuria and cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients. Some of the literature established that microalbuminuria predicts CVD in patients with high blood pressure. All of the primary surveies reviewed utilized a prospective cohort research design, which is a flat one evidenced for forecast surveies. Internal cogency was really strong for the surveies but external cogency was low for the Gimeno survey because patients ‘ were selected from a specialised clinic so they could non be representative of the full di abetic population. In contrast, the ADVANCE survey patients were selected from many different locations supplying strong external cogency. The Gimeno survey used one urine sample for baseline line categorization of urinary albumen degrees and could hold improved cogency by proving at least three urine samples earlier categorization as this is normally recommended. When proving topographic point urine samples for microalbumin, one of the restrictions is that there is day-to-day variableness in urine protein degrees and degrees can be affected by transeunt protein signifier vigorous exercising, desiccation urinary piece of land infections. Choice prejudice could hold been farther reduced in the Savage et Al. survey in the Denver country but including a more representative sampling of the country demographics. There was a higher per centum of minorities enrolled in the survey than is true of the Denver country. The mechanism by which microalbuminuria is linked to CVD is non yet known. Further probe is needed so as to effectual cut down microalbuminuria in diabetics and in the general population. Recent surveies have shown angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors and angiotonin II adversaries such as Lorsatan, to cut down urinary albumen degrees in patients. The efficaciousness of other drug therapies to cut down proteinuria is being investigated. The thiazolidinediones drugs used to better glucose control have besides been shown to cut down microalbuminuria in diabetics. In the Framingham Heart Study, MA was determined to be a hazard factor for CVD at really low degrees that were below the recognized scope for subclinical kidney disease. Microalbuminuria is an independent and signii ¬?cant forecaster of CVD events and all-cause mortality in patients ( Astor B.C. , Hallan S.I. , Miller, 3rd, 3rdE.R. , et Al ) ( 2008 )

What Do Women Want?

Trisha Punamiya Professor Kaitlyn McWilliams DISC 1313April 4th, 2108 Title â€Å"What do women want? Seem[s] plain enough: education, respect, to be accepted as the intellectual equals of men, emotional and sexual fulfillment, and marriage.† (Staves 170) Susan Staves uses this powerful description to present the standing and role of women in the 18th century patriarchal society. Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice boldly and skillfully manages and portrays the dynamics between the men and women in that era. Love, infatuation and compromise are revealed through the relationships of different characters in the novel and the implications that these factors have on their decision to marry. Society placed high expectations on women without providing equal opportunities in terms of education, hence there was always a constant wide disparity in the overall treatment of men and women. Marriage was considered to be an ultimate goal for all of the women, and the convention was to marry well. There was a higher importance placed on economic security as compared to love. Heritance, estate and wealth were considered to be the primary factors, whereas love and connection were condemned to develop over time. While Pride and Prejudice represents all of the stereotypical society norms and compliance of the expectations, it also dares to take a new stand in terms of feminism through the main female protagonist, Elizabeth. Austen's Elizabeth defies social expectations and norms in a patriarchal 18th century, rising above the orthodox women including her counterparts. She, being sensible and wise, strongly justifies her decisions, presenting a new front on feminism. 18th century was considered it be a time where development was seen in the treatment of women, and this novel essentially depicts that improvement. Jane Austen, as Wang and Liu believed, gave all her female characters an impersonal freedom, allowing them to be the focus as well as the reflectors of the narration. Austen concentrated on women's routine life and hence was able to provide the readers with a deeper understanding of the social expectations and norms that the women had to comply with on a regular basis. Making her women the center of the novel, Elizabeth specifically, Austen got rid of the masculine discourse and dominance present otherwise in the society, proving the rather developed and sensible nature of Elizabeth. Austen also allowed Elizabeth to transmit information and by following her journey, viewing things from her perspective enabled the readers to build a more sentimental relationship with her. Female characters were portrayed not only from the outside world, seen by an objective observer, but also from within the character giving an opportunity to reveal their own memories and thoughts. Elizabeth's unaffected charming personality overshadowed the arrogant and wealthy men proving her to be an advocator of independence from societal bounds and from traditional views about marriage that hinder women's self-autonomy. All of Austen's women are distinct individuals and have their own set of ideologies and views on marriage and societal expectations. While, some can be described as sensible and mature, others naà ¯ve and dumb. Elizabeth had a fascinating relationship with all of the characters, through which Austen reveals a substantial amount of insight into the shaping and development of Elizabeth as an individual. Despite being the sensible sisters, who shared similar values and ideologies Jane and Elizabeth were rather different in many ways. Jane waited for the right man all along, marriage for her meant love, passion and meaning. She was willing to forgive Mr Bingley for the mistakes he had committed, accepting his long-anticipated marriage proposal. Jane shared her immense happiness with Elizabeth and wished for her to experience this joy as well. This proves that despite being wise, Jane had a longing desire for Mr Bingley only, and chose to be a silent sufferer during their time apart. She didn't even blame Mr Bingley's sisters or Mr Darcy for the negative role they played in her relationship and even refused accept Elizabeth's views on how a bad influence they were to Mr Bingley. As Reena distinguished, Jane was more aware of the manners of the society and believed that it was necessary for women to marry at a certain age, while Elizabeth rejected men, aspiring to marry someone whom she thought of as an equal in terms of temperament and had a strong romantic connection with. Elizabeth was rather affirmative and outspoken than Jane, who was on the contrary naà ¯ve and kept to herself. Despite being the younger one, Elizabeth had an instinct to protect Jane, this was proved when Elizabeth defended Jane's silence to Mr Darcy and Mr Bingley, when Jane and Mr Bingley's courtship was sidelined. Jane's beauty and charm were somewhat affected by her shy and quiet demeanor; and the outspoken and confident Elizabeth is rather protective of her for this reason. Elizabeth is also a rather fastidious girl who discriminates between people. She was quick in observing the differences between Mr Darcy and Mr Bingley. She quickly understood the nature of Mr Collins whose proposal she rejected without least hesitation. Elizabeth claims that â€Å"There are few whom I really love, and still fewer of whom I think well†. (164) She also declares that she is fed up with the inconsistencies in human beings, showing that she is at times prejudiced herself. Jane, on the other hand, forms a good opinion about others and is undiscriminating in doing so. Elizabeth, the society in extension, believe that Jane is too nice and doesn't have a bad thing to say about anybody. Lizzy says to Jane, â€Å"You never see a fault in anybody. All the world are good and agreeable in your eyes. I never heard you speak ill of a human being in my life.† (53) They believe that because she has such a generous heart and the most affectionate personality, she must be naà ¯ve enough to think of the best in people. The fact that she has captivating manners and an angelic personality, she is hence considered to be the more ideal fit into the 18th century society. Elizabeth has a sarcastic wit which enables her to ridicule some people like Mr Collins. She has the capability to laugh at people's absurdities, as she herself tells Mr Darcy towards the end of the novel. Contrary to that, Jane could never mock or retaliate like Elizabeth would, proving her to be the more ideal and proper woman in terms of the societal expectations. The society hence place the two distinctly; this was also seen with the way Mrs Bennet treated both of them differently, relying on Jane more than on Elizabeth. Through Lydia's elopement, Mrs Bennet demanded Jane's company more than Elizabeth's, and often confronted in Jane about Elizabeth's rejections and what a big mistake she was committing. Because of these differences one can conclude that Elizabeth was the only one who dared to step up against the unfairness of the society, unlike Jane who was equally educated and sensible but didn't just possess it in her character to do so. On the hand, there was large disparity in terms of personality between Lydia and Elizabeth. Being the youngest of the five sisters, she received great amount of attention from their mother. Emotional and immature, Lydia is the daughter who shares her mother's characteristics the most. However, she was the least dear to Mr Bennet, we often see him pass sarcastic remarks on how silly and dumb Kitty and Lydia are. On the other hand, Elizabeth resembles her father the most, being his favorite. She is strong-willed, stubborn, frivolous and foolish. Despite, having the same background and upbringing Elizabeth and Lydia are sheer opposites. Lydia is Jane Austen's way of portraying some of the young girls of that era and satirizing them, while Elizabeth, on the contrary, is Austen's way of depicting the development of women in the male-dominated society. Lydia's interests lie within balls and flirting with the new men in town. Not only does this cause great embarrassment to Elizabeth, but to the Bennet family as a whole. Her main aspiration in life is to attain the attention of men, uniquely different from Elizabeth's character. She elopes with Mr Wickham at the first chance that she gets. Samina and Khattak in their article identify Lydia as selfish for being involved in self-interested schemes to achieve individual rather than collective happiness. Lydia barely knew Mr Wickham or his intentions, she was certain that they were going to get married but was so self-absorbed that she never wondered to consider what kind of a person he is and what is aim was. Unlike, the other female characters, Lydia didn't entirely marry for money or wealth, everyone knew that Mr Wickham wasn't the owner of a large estate. She wanted to fulfill her desire of attraction and physical gratification, not love. Like her mother, Lydia had very little common sense, poor judgement and no consideration or understanding of the consequences that her behavior would have on the reputation of the family, especially her two unmarried older sisters. Society considered her elopement a big crime and the eighteenth century was unapologetic to women as such anyway. Lydia's elopement hence brought disgrace to the entire Bennet family. Mr Collins in his letter to Mr Bennet as a form of condolence wrote that â€Å"The death of your daughter would have been a blessing in comparison to this†. This portrays how ignorant Lydia was, despite knowing that society was extremely unapologetic towards women. It also affected the marriage prospects of the other sisters; the society's notion that the older had to be married before the younger sisters was also disobeyed by Lydia. Lady Catherine used Lydia's mistake to portray her disapproval of Elizabeth's presence in Mr Darcy's life. She embarrassed Elizabeth by saying, â€Å"I am no stranger to the particulars of your youngest sister's infamous elopement. I know it all; that the young man's marrying her was a patched-up business, at the expense of your father and uncles. And is such a girl to be my nephew's sister?† (Austen 358). She fails to be a good sibling to her sister Kitty as well, who adored Lydia and supposedly had a tight knit relationship with her. Kitty was upset that Lydia didn't even bother inviting her. Through the portrayal of Lydia's character and behavior, Austen successfully is able to stereotype women who lacked good sense, decorum, and empathy in that century. In contrast, Elizabeth is a sensible young woman with a sharp wit and respectful nature. She takes pride in her background, despite knowing all their faults. She passes a strong comment to Lady Catherine displaying that humility, â€Å"He is a gentleman; I am a gentleman's daughter; so far we are equal.† (Austen 357) Elizabeth demands respect and hopes to marry someone who would treat her as an equal and would allow her to retain her sense of self. She married for love, however not completely disregarding the need for financial stability in her companion.

Economics Theory Essay Example

Economics Theory Essay Example Economics Theory Essay Economics Theory Essay Economics Theory Name: Course: Institution: Instructor: Date: Economics Theory The cost of $6 per person in the community is a negative externality. This is an external costs caused by the building of the water park. This is a negative externality because it involves added costs to the community. Additionally, the people within the community where this park will be built are third parties and do not incur costs or benefits directly (Keppler, 2007). These costs are not compensated by the city council. Negative Externality S= MC Equilibrium P S1= MC-X D= MB Q1 Q* Q The per-unit amount of the externality is the amount of the positive or negative externality realized for every unit of good produced by the council. In this case, the product is the water park that will increase the traffic. The negative per-unit amount of externality is $2. When businesses realize increased security at night as well as the surrounding, this will be a benefit from the water park. Additionally, with a benefit of $3 for every person attending the water park, the positive externality is realized (Mankiw, 2011). Therefore, this is a positive externality since the city council will not be refunded the money, and neither will the neighboring surrounding and businesses have to pay for the extra benefits realized from increased traffic and security at night. The per-unit amount for both externalities is $2. One way of solving the negative externality for this project is having the city council compensate for the added costs to the community by reducing some of the services it renders to people. Alternatively, it should also be required the community the same amount of money. Therefore, this can be added back to its marginal costs. For the positive externality, people or community should seek to increase it through means such as pushing for subsidies to have the goods at a cheaper price. This would increase the benefits for the whole community. References Keppler, J. H. (2007). Theory and Measurement of Externalities. University Paris-Dauphine. Mankiw, N.G. (2011). Principles of economics. New York, N.Y: Cengage Learning.

Practice in Adding Adjectives and Adverbs to Sentences

Practice in Adding Adjectives and Adverbs to Sentences A common way of expanding a simple sentence is with modifierswords that add to the meanings of other words. The simplest modifiers are adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives modify nouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. For instance, in the sentence below, the adjective sad modifies the noun smile (the subject of the sentence). The clowns sad smile touched us deeply. In this same sentence, the adverb deeply modifies the verb touched. Used carefully, adjectives and adverbs can make our writing clearer and more precise. Arranging Adjectives Adjectives most often appear just in front of the nouns that they modify: The old, cranky caretaker refused to answer our questions. Notice that when two (or more) adjectives precede a noun, they are usually separated by commas. But occasionally adjectives follow the nouns they modify: The caretaker, old and cranky, refused to answer our questions. Here the commas appear outside the pair of adjectives, which are joined by the conjunction and. Placing the adjectives after the noun is a way of giving them added emphasis in a sentence. Adjectives sometimes appear in a third position in a sentence: after a linking verb such as am, are, is, was, or were. As their name implies, these verbs link adjectives with the subjects they modify. See if you can identify the adjectives in the sentences below: His voice was rough.Your children are cruel.This seat is wet. In each of these sentences, the adjective (rough, cruel, wet) modifies the subject but follows the linking verb (was, are, is). Arranging Adverbs Adverbs usually follow the verbs they modify: I dance occasionally. However, an adverb may also appear directly in front of the verb or at the very beginning of a sentence: I occasionally dance.Occasionally I dance. Because not all adverbs are this flexible in all sentences, you should try them out in different positions until you find the clearest arrangement. Practice in Adding Adjectives Many adjectives are formed from nouns and verbs. The adjective thirsty, for example, comes from thirst, which may be either a noun or a verb. Complete each sentence below with the adjective form of the italicized noun or verb. When youre done, compare your answers with those on page two. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina brought great destruction to the Gulf coast. It was one of the most _____ hurricanes in recent decades.All of our pets enjoy good health. Our collie is exceptionally _____, despite its advanced age.Your suggestion makes a great deal of sense. You have a very _____ idea.Google made record profits last year. It is one of the most _____ companies in the world.Dr. Krafts job requires patience and skill. He is a _____ negotiator.All through high school, Giles rebelled against his parents and teachers. Now he has three _____ children of his own.Telling jokes that will not offend others can be difficult. Some comedians are deliberately _____. Practice in Adding Adverbs Many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective. The adverb softly, for instance, comes from the adjective soft. Note, however, that not all adverbs end in -ly. Very, quite, always, almost, and often are some of the common adverbs that are not formed from adjectives. Complete each sentence below with the adverb form of the italicized adjective. When youre done, compare your answers with those on page two. The exam was easy. I passed _____.Leroys careless act set the warehouse on fire. He _____ tossed a cigarette into a tank of gasoline.Paige is a brave little girl. She fought _____ against the poltergeists.Howard is a graceful dancer. He moves _____.Toms apology sounded quite sincere. He said that he was _____ sorry for misusing the tax funds.Paula made a generous contribution to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. She gives _____ every year.The lecture was brief. Dr. Legree spoke _____ about the importance of flossing after every meal. Answers to the Exercise:Â  Practice in Adding Adjectives 1. destructive; 2. healthy; 3. sensible; 4. profitable; 5. patient; 6. rebellious; 7. offensive Answers to the Exercise:Â  Practice in Adding Adverbs 1. easily; 2. carelessly; 3. bravely; 4. gracefully; 5. sincerely; 6. generously; 7. briefly

Read the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Read the instruction - Essay Example The most prevalent cases of civil law may comprise of negligence, physical attack, battery and informed consent (Follin & Springhouse Corporation, 2004). The criminal and civil laws govern the relationship between patients and doctors in order to make it professional and trustworthy. This implies that they spell out the actions against the offenders to avoid breach and negligence. The patients’ Bill of Rights concerns the privileges guaranteed to new applicants of medical insurance cover. It guarantees the patients’ information, fair conduct and independence over medical decisions among others. This implies that a patient has the right to access correct and simple information about his or her health plan (Shapiro, 2009). As a result, a patient who does not understand another language or experiences a mental disability should receive assistance in order to make an informed medical decision. The Bill also provides for the fair treatment in which the patient is advised on the best options to take. In this regard, a patient should ask about the benefits and side effects of any treatment to be administered. Under the Bill, patients have a right to respect and non-discrimination by showing and receiving considerate and courteous care from medical practitioners and family members (Shapiro, 2009). The other important part of the Bill is the right to pri vacy to consult doctors or access medical records. However, in cases of complaints or appeals, patients should have a fast, reasonable and objective assessment against a health institution, doctors or personnel. HIPAA laws affect the Patients Bill of Rights because it covers both long-term and new applicants of the medical cover (Shapiro, 2009). However, it only deals with the privacy of patients concerning their health records, decisions and disclosures. This makes it tricky to implement the other details provided for in the Patients’ Bill of rights. As a result,

American History 1946-2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American History 1946-2012 - Essay Example Primarily two objectives, that is, supporting democracy and containment of communism, shaped the US policy for the Cold War. In his â€Å"Joint Address before Congress†, President Truman clearly asserts, â€Å"Greece must have assistance if it is to become a self-supporting and self-respecting democracy.† (Truman, 1947, p. 3) The US policy of containment was fundamentally the outcome of President Truman’s reaction to the Soviet leaders’ expansionist tendency. This policy of containing the expansionist Soviet leaders remains the baseline of the US policy during the whole period of the Cold War. Indeed, almost all of Truman’s descendants, more or less, had attempted to put this policy of containment into operation in different contexts with different measures (Nigel, 2006, pp. 45-49). The Cold War can be considered as a clash of interests between the Soviet Union and the United States of America, the superpowers of the world during the post Second-Wor ld-War era. The war continued from 1947 to 1991. After the World War II, the US foreign policymakers did not need Soviet support any more to defeat the Axis Powers; therefore, they refused to acknowledge the Soviets’ security concern in Europe. ... Indeed, these distrusts and strife between the two superpowers subsequently the 50 years long Cold War ensued. In February 1945, the failure of the Yalta Conference in the Crimea was essentially one of the events which forecasted the Cold War (â€Å"The Cold War†, 2003, pars. 1). Though during the Cold War, ideological, political, economic and military tensions existed at an extreme level, the superpowers did not become involved in any direct war. Rather their military involvements were confined to proxy wars in various geographical regions of interests. Nuclear arm race between the two main parties of the war, the USA and the Soviet Union, began as a response to the superpowers’ desire to overpower each other. (Schweizer, 1994, pp. 69-74) During the Cold War, Kennedy Administration’s cold-war policies diverged a bit from the baseline of the traditional US foreign policy. During the most critical period of the War in the 1960s, President Kennedy adopted a policy, variedly known as â€Å"Flexible Response†, â€Å"Containment of Communism† and â€Å"Reversal of Soviet Progress†, etc, which was more tactful than his predecessor, Dwight Eisenhower’s militarily staunch response to the Soviet Forces (Schweizer, 1994, p. 209). In fact, this diplomatic stance of the Kennedy Administration critically shaped the premises of future American foreign policy. Truman’s policy was to restore economy in the war-affect European countries, since he believed that â€Å"The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want†¦They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and strife† (Truman, 1947, p. 6). The main goal of his policy was to ensure